Structure of the cypselas of Gaillardia aristata and G. pulchella (Asteraceae: Helenieae)
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a study by light and scanning microscopy of the morphological and anatomical structure of the seeds of Gaillardia aristata and G. pulchella (Asteraceae: Helenieae). Carpological research revealed diagnostic morphological and anatomical features of the species. Pappus consists of 5 scales, in the cells of the inner surface of which there are large crystals of calcium oxalate. Cypsela in the lower part are pubescent with long simple double hairs, typical for Asteraceae. Carpopodium is absent. The surface of the cypsela is “scaly” due to a single crystal located in each cell of the exocarp, which protrudes above the surface, raising the thin outer wall of the cell. Exocarp cells have the shape of an inclined parallelepiped, their radial walls are inclined at an angle with respect to the axis of the cypsela, as a result of which the exocarp looks like a two-row cross section. In the mesocarp, thick-walled cells are located between the layers of thin-walled cells; a series of large cells adjoining the endocarp are thickened walls, elongated along the axis of the cypsela. During separating pericarp from testa, the pericarp is torn in the area of the thin-walled mesocarp cells, the endocarp and the parts of the mesocarp cells remain on the surface of the seed, while endocarp cells can be erroneously qualified as exotesta cells. Phytomelanin in mesocarp is absent. Endocarp is represented by one row of isodiametric cells with layered thickened walls; in all its cells there is a large single crystal, which does not appear on the inner surface of the pericarp. The testa is represented by exotesta cells with slightly thickened walls forming a cellular pattern on the surface of the seed. Mesotesta cells contain large crystals of calcium oxalate. The studied species of the genus Gaillardia have features specific to other taxa of the tribe Helenieae: the absence of phytomelanin in the pericarp and the presence of crystals in exocarp cells.
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