Micromorphological analysis of leaf trichomes in Australian species of Boraginales
UDC 582.948:581.458(94)
Keywords:
Boraginales, distribution, glandular hairs, leaf morphology, scanning electron microscopy
Abstract
This study investigates the leaf trichome morphology of 27 species from 23 genera across seven families of Boraginales in Australia using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We documented a wide diversity of trichome types, including glandular, non-glandular, bifurcate, and trifurcate forms. Trichome distribution varied considerably, ranging from sparse to densely packed across leaf surfaces. While some trichomes lacked surface ornamentation, most exhibited distinct protrusions, such as round, oval, or conical structures. Additionally, while filling a gap in the understanding of Boraginales leaf trichomes, this study reveals significant structural diversity and functional traits in Australian species. These traits offer a promising taxonomic tool for resolving classification ambiguities within the order.
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References
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Bowman D. M., Balch J., Artaxo P., Bond W. J., Cochrane M. A., D'Antonio C. M., et al. 2011. The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth. J. Biogeogr. 38(12): 2223–2236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x
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Ghahremaninejad F. 2004. Value of trichome characteristics for the separation of bifurcating hairy Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) at the sectional level. Turk. J. Bot. 28, 1: 101–117.
Hopper S. D. 2009. OCBIL theory: Towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes. Plant and Soil 322, 1–2: 49–86.
König J., Siwakoti M., Hilger H. H., Weigend M. 2015. A revision of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae Juss.) in Nepal and notes on the widespread Asian species. Phytotaxa 224: 1–28.
Lambers H., Brundrett M. C., Raven J. A., Hopper S. D. 2020. Plant mineral nutrition in ancient landscapes: High plant species diversity on infertile soils is linked to functional diversity for nutritional strategies. Plant and Soil 449, 1–2: 399–433.
Luebert F., Cecchi L., Frohlich M. W., Gottschling M., Guilliams C. M., Hasenstab-Lehman K. E., et al. 2016. Familial classification of the Boraginales. Taxon 65(3): 502–522. https://doi.org/10.12705/653.5
Madika L. K., Moteetee A. N. 2022. Taxonomic revision of the southern African species of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae). PhytoKeys 193: 9–42. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.193.72270
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Nazari H., Ghahremaninejad F. 2025a. Contribution to the Systematic value of the leaf trichomes in the Cordiaceae (Boraginales). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. (In press).
Nazari H., Ghahremaninejad F. 2025b. Leaf trichome diversity in Ehretiaceae. Rostaniha. (In press).
Popov M. G. 1974. Boraginaceae Juss. In: B. K. Shishkin (ed.). Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. 19 (Tubiflorae). Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House. Pp. 300–356, 525–526.
Rebman G., Simpson M. G. 2022. Three new species of Cryptantha (Boraginaceae) from the southern chanel islands of California. Madroño 69, 1: 111–134.
Serna L., Martin C. 2006. Trichomes: Different regulatory networks lead to convergent structures. Trends in Plant Science 11, 6: 274–280.
Stanley T. D., Ross E. M. 2002. Boraginaceae Juss. In: H. Aston, P. Taylor (eds.). Flora of South-eastern Queensland. Vol. 2. Brisbane: Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government. Pp. 356–363.
Старченко В. М. Boraginaceae Juss. // Сосудистые растения советского Дальнего Востока. Т. 5. Под ред. С. С. Харкевича. Л.: Наука, 1991. С. 276.
Steyn H. M., Van Wyk A. E. 2021. Taxonomic significance of trichomes in the genus Acanthopsis Harv. (Acanthaceae, tribe Acantheae). Adansonia 43, 14: 163–176.
Sutorý K. 2024. Contribution to Cynoglossum species (Boraginaceae) in Turkey. Phytotaxa 633, 3: 241–252. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.633.3.4
Thiele K. R., Al-Shehbaz I. A. 2017. The genera of Boraginaceae in Australia: An updated keys and summary of recent changes. Muelleria 35, 1: 1–38.
Thiers B. M. [2024] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (Accessed 14 May 2024).
Troshkina V. I. 2022. Features of pubescence of mericarps of some species of the genus Geranium. Trichomes classification. Turczaninowia 25, 4: 33–46. https://doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.25.4.6
Verdcourt B. 1991. Boraginaceae Juss. In: R. M. Polhill (ed.). Flora of tropical east Africa. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 1–119.
Wagner G. J., Wang E., Shepherd R. W. 2014. New approaches for studying and exploiting an old protuberance, the plant trichome. Ann. Bot. 114, 7: 1057–1063.
Weigend M., Luebert F., Gottschling M., Couvreur T. L. P., Hilger H. H., Miller J. S. 2016. From capsules to nutlets-phylogenetic relationships in the Boraginales. Cladistics 32: 36–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12115
Zeraatkar A., Ghahremaninejad F., Khosravi A. R., Assadi M. 2022. Diversity and taxonomic implications of glands and trichomes in the genus Matthiola W. T. Aiton (Anchonieae; Brassicaceae) in the Flora Iranica area. Adansonia 44, 23: 303–320. https://doi.org/10.5252/adansonia2022v44a23
Zhu G. L., Riedl H., Kamelin R. 1995. Boraginaceae Juss. In: Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven (eds.). Flora of China: (Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae). Vol. 16. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Pp. 420–424.
Bowman D. M., Balch J., Artaxo P., Bond W. J., Cochrane M. A., D'Antonio C. M., et al. 2011. The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth. J. Biogeogr. 38(12): 2223–2236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x
Chacón J., Luebert, F., Hilger H.H., Ovchinnikova S., Selvi F., Cecchi L., Guilliams C.M., Hasenstab-Lehman K., Sutorý K., Simpson M.G., Weigend M. 2016. The borage family (Boraginaceae s. str.): A revised infrafamilial classification based on new phylogenetic evidence, with emphasis on the placement of some enigmatic genera. Taxon 65: 523–546. https://doi.org/10.12705/653.6
Cohen J. I. 2025. Phylogenomics of Boraginaceae and Boraginales using Lineage-Specific and Angiosperms353 Loci. Systematic Botany 49, 4: 749–767. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424X17323182682762
Crawford A. R., Rink G. 2024. A novel species of Nama (Namaceae) from northern Arizona, U.S.A. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 18, 1: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v18.i1.1335
Cronquist A. 1984. Boraginaceae Juss. In: A. Cronquist et al. (eds.). Intermountain flora: vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 4. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. Pp. 288–289.
Dimon R. J., Renner M. A. M. 2017. A new Cynoglossum species, and transfers to Hackelia in eastern Australian Boraginaceae. Aust. Syst. Bot. 30: 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB16038
Firat M., Binzet R. 2021. Onosma satensis sp. nov. (Boraginaceae: Lithospermeae), a new species from Hakkâri (eastern Anatolia, Turkey). Adansonia 43, 16: 185–195. https://doi.org/10.5252/adansonia2021v43a16
Ghahremaninejad F. 2004. Value of trichome characteristics for the separation of bifurcating hairy Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) at the sectional level. Turk. J. Bot. 28, 1: 101–117.
Hopper S. D. 2009. OCBIL theory: Towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes. Plant and Soil 322, 1–2: 49–86.
König J., Siwakoti M., Hilger H. H., Weigend M. 2015. A revision of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae Juss.) in Nepal and notes on the widespread Asian species. Phytotaxa 224: 1–28.
Lambers H., Brundrett M. C., Raven J. A., Hopper S. D. 2020. Plant mineral nutrition in ancient landscapes: High plant species diversity on infertile soils is linked to functional diversity for nutritional strategies. Plant and Soil 449, 1–2: 399–433.
Luebert F., Cecchi L., Frohlich M. W., Gottschling M., Guilliams C. M., Hasenstab-Lehman K. E., et al. 2016. Familial classification of the Boraginales. Taxon 65(3): 502–522. https://doi.org/10.12705/653.5
Madika L. K., Moteetee A. N. 2022. Taxonomic revision of the southern African species of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae). PhytoKeys 193: 9–42. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.193.72270
Nazari H., Ghahremaninejad F. 2024. A SEM study of leaf trichomes in Heliotropiaceae. Iran. J. Bot. 30, 2: 173 183. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijb.2024.366196.1475
Nazari H., Ghahremaninejad F. 2025a. Contribution to the Systematic value of the leaf trichomes in the Cordiaceae (Boraginales). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. (In press).
Nazari H., Ghahremaninejad F. 2025b. Leaf trichome diversity in Ehretiaceae. Rostaniha. (In press).
Popov M. G. 1974. Boraginaceae Juss. In: B. K. Shishkin (ed.). Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. 19 (Tubiflorae). Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House. Pp. 300–356, 525–526.
Rebman G., Simpson M. G. 2022. Three new species of Cryptantha (Boraginaceae) from the southern chanel islands of California. Madroño 69, 1: 111–134.
Serna L., Martin C. 2006. Trichomes: Different regulatory networks lead to convergent structures. Trends in Plant Science 11, 6: 274–280.
Stanley T. D., Ross E. M. 2002. Boraginaceae Juss. In: H. Aston, P. Taylor (eds.). Flora of South-eastern Queensland. Vol. 2. Brisbane: Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government. Pp. 356–363.
Старченко В. М. Boraginaceae Juss. // Сосудистые растения советского Дальнего Востока. Т. 5. Под ред. С. С. Харкевича. Л.: Наука, 1991. С. 276.
Steyn H. M., Van Wyk A. E. 2021. Taxonomic significance of trichomes in the genus Acanthopsis Harv. (Acanthaceae, tribe Acantheae). Adansonia 43, 14: 163–176.
Sutorý K. 2024. Contribution to Cynoglossum species (Boraginaceae) in Turkey. Phytotaxa 633, 3: 241–252. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.633.3.4
Thiele K. R., Al-Shehbaz I. A. 2017. The genera of Boraginaceae in Australia: An updated keys and summary of recent changes. Muelleria 35, 1: 1–38.
Thiers B. M. [2024] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (Accessed 14 May 2024).
Troshkina V. I. 2022. Features of pubescence of mericarps of some species of the genus Geranium. Trichomes classification. Turczaninowia 25, 4: 33–46. https://doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.25.4.6
Verdcourt B. 1991. Boraginaceae Juss. In: R. M. Polhill (ed.). Flora of tropical east Africa. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 1–119.
Wagner G. J., Wang E., Shepherd R. W. 2014. New approaches for studying and exploiting an old protuberance, the plant trichome. Ann. Bot. 114, 7: 1057–1063.
Weigend M., Luebert F., Gottschling M., Couvreur T. L. P., Hilger H. H., Miller J. S. 2016. From capsules to nutlets-phylogenetic relationships in the Boraginales. Cladistics 32: 36–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12115
Zeraatkar A., Ghahremaninejad F., Khosravi A. R., Assadi M. 2022. Diversity and taxonomic implications of glands and trichomes in the genus Matthiola W. T. Aiton (Anchonieae; Brassicaceae) in the Flora Iranica area. Adansonia 44, 23: 303–320. https://doi.org/10.5252/adansonia2022v44a23
Zhu G. L., Riedl H., Kamelin R. 1995. Boraginaceae Juss. In: Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven (eds.). Flora of China: (Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae). Vol. 16. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Pp. 420–424.
Published
2025-06-30
How to Cite
Nazari H., Ghahremaninejad F. Micromorphological analysis of leaf trichomes in Australian species of Boraginales // Turczaninowia, 2025. Vol. 28, № 2. P. 101-111 DOI: 10.14258/turczaninowia.28.2.10. URL: https://turczaninowia.asu.ru/article/view/17513.
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