Biosystematic and molecular genetic study of Berberis (Berberidaceae) from North of Iran
UDC 582.675.3(581.821+581.331.2)(55)
Keywords:
epidermis, ITS, medicinal plant, pollen, SEM
Abstract
There are 500 species of Berberis in the Berberidaceae family, which are native to temperate and subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. The present study investigates molecular relationships and micromorphology of pollen and epidermis of the Berberis in North of Iran, since it is a very important medicinal plant. This study examined 15 individuals from the Chahar Bagh region of Golestan province belonging to four species and one interspecific hybrid. Leaf epidermis and pollen grains were studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In order to analyze the sequences of the ITS nuclear genome, various software programs were used. In the studied species, irregular, rounded, and polygonal epidermal cells were observed, along with anticline, smooth, and wavy wall patterns. In all species, the pollen is spherical and the pollen ornamentation are smooth in B. integerrima, granular in B. vulgaris, microperforate in B. orthobotrys, and microechinate in B. crataegina. Phylogenetic analysis shows high support for monophyly of Berberis species in the nrDNA ITS tree (PP = 1, ML BS = 100, MP BS = 100). Molecular and micromorphological features were found to be able to separate the five species in Chahar Bagh region. These results provide researchers with basic information to explore this valuable genus based on the findings of this study.
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References
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Amini E., Kazempour-Osaloo Sh., Maassoumi A. A., Zare-Maivan H. 2018. Phylogeny, biogeography and divergence times of Astragalus section Incani DC. (Fabaceae) inferred from nrDNA ITS and plastid rpl32-trnL(UAG) sequences. Nordic J. Bot. 1: 1–20.
Amini E., Nasrollahi F., Sattarian A., Khormali A., Habibi M. 2019. Micro-morphological and molecular study of four species of Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae) in Iran. Phytol. Balc. 25(2): 181–190.
Amini E., Nasrollahi F., Sattarian A., Kor S., Boozarpour S. 2018. Molecular and micro morphological evidences of the genus Cuscuta in Iran. Rostaniha 19: 113–129.
Arambarri A. M., Freire S. E., Colares M. N. 2006. Leaf anatomy of medicinal shrubs and trees from Gallery Forests of the Paranaense Province (Argentina). Part 1. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 41: 233–268.
Arena M. E., Giordani E., Radice S. 2011. Flowering, fruiting and leaf and seed variability in Berberis buxifolia, a native Patagonian fruit species. In: L. Marin, D. Kovac. Native species: identification, conservation and restoration. NewYork: Nova Sciences Publishers. Pp. 1–20.
Azadi R. 2008. Berberidaceae. In: M. Assadi, R. Azadi, A. A. Massoumi (eds.). Flora of Iran. Vol. 64. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Pp. 1–40.
Behrad Z., Sefidkon F., Ghasemzadeh H., Rezadoost H., Balandary A. 2023. Determination of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of 55 Iranian Berberis genotypes. JMPB 12: 181–189.
Bhardwaj D., Kaushik N. 2012. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies in genus Berberis. Phytochem. Rev. 11: 523–542.
Blackmore S., Heath G. 1984. Berberidaceae. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 42(1–4): 7–21.
Bottini M. C. J., De Bustos A., Sanso A. M., Jouve N., Poggio L. 2007. Relationships in Patagonian species of Berberis (Berberidaceae) based on the characterization of rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 153: 321–328.
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Bryant D., Moulton V. 2004. NeighborNet: An agglomerative method for the construction of phylogenetic networks. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21: 255–265.
Cadic A., Decourtye L. 1987 Observation preliminaries concernant la biologie florale et la genetique du Berberis: consequences pour la selection. Ann. Amelior. Plants 26(2): 295–304.
De castro nunes R., Oliveira bustamante F., Techio V. H., Mittelman A. 2012. Morphology and pollen viability of Lolium multiflorum Lam. Cienc. Agrotecnologia 36(2): 180–188.
Edgar R. C. 2004. Muscle: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucl. Acids. Res. 32: 1792–1797.
Erdtman G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperms. Copenhagen: Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Massachusettes. 539 pp.
Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791.
Furness C. A. 2008 Successive microsporogenesis in eudicots, with particular reference to Berberidaceae (Ranunculales). Plant Syst. Evol. 273: 211–223
Heidari S., Marashi H., Farsi M., Mirshamsi-Kakhki A. 2009. Assessment of variation in wild and cultivated Berberis populations of Khorasan provinces using morphological markers and comparing to data resulted from AFLP markers. Iran. J. Field. Crop Sci. 7: 401–410. [In Persian]
Huson D. H., Bryant D. 2006. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 254–267.
Judd W. S., Campbell C. S., Kellogg E. A., Stevens P. F. 1999. Plant systematics: A phylogenic approach. USA, Sunderland: Sinaver Associates, Inc. 464 pp.
Khazaei H., Monneveux P., Hongbo S., Mohammady S. 2010. Variation for stomatal characteristics and water use efficiency among diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid Iranian wheat landraces. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 57: 307–314.
Kim Y. D., Jansen R. K. 1996. Phylogenetic implications of rbcL and ITS sequence variation in the Berberidaceae. Syst. Bot. 21: 381–396.
Kim Y. D., Kim S. H., Kim C. H., Jansen R. K. 2004a. Phylogeny of Berberidaceae based on sequences of the chloroplast gene ndhF. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 32: 291–301.
Kim Y. D., Kim S. H., Landrum L. R. 2004b. Taxonomic and phytogeographic implications from ITS phylogeny in Berberis (Berberidaceae). J. Pl. Res. 117: 175–182.
Mazandarani M., Ghasemi N., Bayat H. 2013. Investigation of secondary active compounds of medical plant (Berberis vulgaris L.) and its comparison among different part of the plant in South East of Golestan province. Plant Env. Phys. 8: 59–70.
Miller M. A., Pfeiffer W., Schwartz T. 2010. Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). New Orleans, Louisiana: IEEE. Pp. 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/gce.2010.5676129
Mokhber-Dezfuli N., Saeidnia S., Gohari A. R. 2014. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Berberis species. Pharmacogn. Rev. 8: 8.
Nasrollahi F., Kazempour-Osaloo Sh., Saadati N., Mozaffarian V., Zare-Maivan H. 2019. Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Onosma (Boraginaceae s.s.) based on nrDNA ITS and plastid rpl32-trnL(UAG) and trnH–psbA sequences. Nordic J. Bot. 37(1): 1–12.
Nylander J. A. A. 2004. MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
Page D. M. 2001. Tree View (Win32) version 1.6.6. Available: http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html.
Perveen A., Qaiser M. 2010. Pollen flora of Pakistan–LXV. Berberidaceae. Pak. J. Bot. 42(1): 1–6.
Posada D., Buckley T. R. 2004. Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: Advantages of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Syst. Biol. 53: 793–808.
Pourmeidani A., Amini E., Nasrollahi F., Mohammadi Y. 2023. Genetic diversity and population structure of haloxylon aphyllum in Iran by ISSR markers. Acta Bot. Hung. 65(3–4): 179–192.
Punt W., Hoen P. P., Blackmore S., Nilsson S., Thomas A. L. 2007. Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 143: 1–81.
Radice S., Arena M. 2015. Environmental effect on the leaf morphology and anatomy of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. Int. J. Plant Biol. 6(1): 300–313.
Radice S., Arena M. 2016. Characterization and evaluation of Berberis microphylla G. Forst pollen grains. Adv. Hort. Sci. 30(1): 1–10.
Rahimi-Madiseh M., Gholami-Arjenaki M., Bahmani M., Mardani G., Farzan M., Rafieian-Kopaei M. 2016. Evaluation of minerals, phenolics and anti-radical activity of three species of Iranian berberis fruit. Derpharma Chemica 8: 191–197.
Redmann R. 1985. Adaptation of grasses to water stress-leaf rolling and stomate distribution. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard: 833–842.
Rezaei M., Ebadi A., Reim S., Fatahi R., Balandary A., Farrokhi N., Hanke M. V. 2011. Molecular analysis of Iranian seedless barberries via SSR. Sci. Hortic. 129: 702–709.
Ronquist F., Teslenko M., van der Mark P., Ayres D. L., Darling A., Hohna S., Larget B., Liu L., Suchard M. A., Huelsenbeck J. P. 2012. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61: 539–542.
Sabir S., Tahir K., Rashid N., et al. 2013. Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of Berberis lycium. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 26: 1165–72.
Saeed-Ur R., Khan S. M., Ahmad M., Zafar M., Khan R., Khalid M., et al. 2020. Light microscopy of Pakistani Berberis leaf cuticles and its taxonomic implications. Microsc. Res. Tech. 83: 541–50.
Saeed-Ur R., Khan S. M., Zafar M., Ahmad M., Khan R., Hussain S., Khalid M., Kayani S. I. 2019. Pollen morphological variation of Berberis L. from Pakistan and its systematic importance. Microsc. Res. Tech. 82(9): 1593–1600.
Sang T., Crawford D. J., Stuessy T. 1995. Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (Paeonia) using internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: Implication for biogeography and concerted evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 6813–6817.
Sodagar N., Bahrami A. R., Memariani F., Ejtehadi H. 2011. Biosystematic study of the genus Berberis L. (Berberidaceae) in Khorassan, NE Iran. Plant Syst. Evol. 298(1): 193–203.
Soltis D. E., Soltis P. S. 2000. Contributions of plant molecular systematics to studies of molecular evolution. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 45–75.
Swofford D. L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Version 4.0b10. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
White T. J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, T. J. White (eds.). PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 315–322.
Zarinkamar F. 2007. Stomatal observations in dicotyledons. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10(2): 199–219.
Adhikari B., Pendry C. A., Pennington R. T., Milne R. I. 2012. A revision of Berberis s. str. (Berberidaceae) in Nepal. Edinburgh J. Bot. 69: 447–522.
Ahrendt L. 1961. Berberis and Mahonia, a taxonomical revision. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 57: 1–410.
Amini E., Kazempour-Osaloo Sh., Maassoumi A. A., Zare-Maivan H. 2018. Phylogeny, biogeography and divergence times of Astragalus section Incani DC. (Fabaceae) inferred from nrDNA ITS and plastid rpl32-trnL(UAG) sequences. Nordic J. Bot. 1: 1–20.
Amini E., Nasrollahi F., Sattarian A., Khormali A., Habibi M. 2019. Micro-morphological and molecular study of four species of Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae) in Iran. Phytol. Balc. 25(2): 181–190.
Amini E., Nasrollahi F., Sattarian A., Kor S., Boozarpour S. 2018. Molecular and micro morphological evidences of the genus Cuscuta in Iran. Rostaniha 19: 113–129.
Arambarri A. M., Freire S. E., Colares M. N. 2006. Leaf anatomy of medicinal shrubs and trees from Gallery Forests of the Paranaense Province (Argentina). Part 1. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 41: 233–268.
Arena M. E., Giordani E., Radice S. 2011. Flowering, fruiting and leaf and seed variability in Berberis buxifolia, a native Patagonian fruit species. In: L. Marin, D. Kovac. Native species: identification, conservation and restoration. NewYork: Nova Sciences Publishers. Pp. 1–20.
Azadi R. 2008. Berberidaceae. In: M. Assadi, R. Azadi, A. A. Massoumi (eds.). Flora of Iran. Vol. 64. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Pp. 1–40.
Behrad Z., Sefidkon F., Ghasemzadeh H., Rezadoost H., Balandary A. 2023. Determination of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of 55 Iranian Berberis genotypes. JMPB 12: 181–189.
Bhardwaj D., Kaushik N. 2012. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies in genus Berberis. Phytochem. Rev. 11: 523–542.
Blackmore S., Heath G. 1984. Berberidaceae. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 42(1–4): 7–21.
Bottini M. C. J., De Bustos A., Sanso A. M., Jouve N., Poggio L. 2007. Relationships in Patagonian species of Berberis (Berberidaceae) based on the characterization of rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 153: 321–328.
Browicz K., Zielinski J. 1975. Flora Iranica. Flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der umrahmenden Gebirge (Persien, Afghanistan, West-Pakistan, Nord-Iraq, Azerbaidjan, Turkmen). Lf. 111: Berberidaceae. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. 28 pp.
Bryant D., Moulton V. 2004. NeighborNet: An agglomerative method for the construction of phylogenetic networks. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21: 255–265.
Cadic A., Decourtye L. 1987 Observation preliminaries concernant la biologie florale et la genetique du Berberis: consequences pour la selection. Ann. Amelior. Plants 26(2): 295–304.
De castro nunes R., Oliveira bustamante F., Techio V. H., Mittelman A. 2012. Morphology and pollen viability of Lolium multiflorum Lam. Cienc. Agrotecnologia 36(2): 180–188.
Edgar R. C. 2004. Muscle: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucl. Acids. Res. 32: 1792–1797.
Erdtman G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperms. Copenhagen: Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Massachusettes. 539 pp.
Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791.
Furness C. A. 2008 Successive microsporogenesis in eudicots, with particular reference to Berberidaceae (Ranunculales). Plant Syst. Evol. 273: 211–223
Heidari S., Marashi H., Farsi M., Mirshamsi-Kakhki A. 2009. Assessment of variation in wild and cultivated Berberis populations of Khorasan provinces using morphological markers and comparing to data resulted from AFLP markers. Iran. J. Field. Crop Sci. 7: 401–410. [In Persian]
Huson D. H., Bryant D. 2006. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 254–267.
Judd W. S., Campbell C. S., Kellogg E. A., Stevens P. F. 1999. Plant systematics: A phylogenic approach. USA, Sunderland: Sinaver Associates, Inc. 464 pp.
Khazaei H., Monneveux P., Hongbo S., Mohammady S. 2010. Variation for stomatal characteristics and water use efficiency among diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid Iranian wheat landraces. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 57: 307–314.
Kim Y. D., Jansen R. K. 1996. Phylogenetic implications of rbcL and ITS sequence variation in the Berberidaceae. Syst. Bot. 21: 381–396.
Kim Y. D., Kim S. H., Kim C. H., Jansen R. K. 2004a. Phylogeny of Berberidaceae based on sequences of the chloroplast gene ndhF. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 32: 291–301.
Kim Y. D., Kim S. H., Landrum L. R. 2004b. Taxonomic and phytogeographic implications from ITS phylogeny in Berberis (Berberidaceae). J. Pl. Res. 117: 175–182.
Mazandarani M., Ghasemi N., Bayat H. 2013. Investigation of secondary active compounds of medical plant (Berberis vulgaris L.) and its comparison among different part of the plant in South East of Golestan province. Plant Env. Phys. 8: 59–70.
Miller M. A., Pfeiffer W., Schwartz T. 2010. Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). New Orleans, Louisiana: IEEE. Pp. 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/gce.2010.5676129
Mokhber-Dezfuli N., Saeidnia S., Gohari A. R. 2014. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Berberis species. Pharmacogn. Rev. 8: 8.
Nasrollahi F., Kazempour-Osaloo Sh., Saadati N., Mozaffarian V., Zare-Maivan H. 2019. Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Onosma (Boraginaceae s.s.) based on nrDNA ITS and plastid rpl32-trnL(UAG) and trnH–psbA sequences. Nordic J. Bot. 37(1): 1–12.
Nylander J. A. A. 2004. MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
Page D. M. 2001. Tree View (Win32) version 1.6.6. Available: http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html.
Perveen A., Qaiser M. 2010. Pollen flora of Pakistan–LXV. Berberidaceae. Pak. J. Bot. 42(1): 1–6.
Posada D., Buckley T. R. 2004. Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: Advantages of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Syst. Biol. 53: 793–808.
Pourmeidani A., Amini E., Nasrollahi F., Mohammadi Y. 2023. Genetic diversity and population structure of haloxylon aphyllum in Iran by ISSR markers. Acta Bot. Hung. 65(3–4): 179–192.
Punt W., Hoen P. P., Blackmore S., Nilsson S., Thomas A. L. 2007. Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 143: 1–81.
Radice S., Arena M. 2015. Environmental effect on the leaf morphology and anatomy of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. Int. J. Plant Biol. 6(1): 300–313.
Radice S., Arena M. 2016. Characterization and evaluation of Berberis microphylla G. Forst pollen grains. Adv. Hort. Sci. 30(1): 1–10.
Rahimi-Madiseh M., Gholami-Arjenaki M., Bahmani M., Mardani G., Farzan M., Rafieian-Kopaei M. 2016. Evaluation of minerals, phenolics and anti-radical activity of three species of Iranian berberis fruit. Derpharma Chemica 8: 191–197.
Redmann R. 1985. Adaptation of grasses to water stress-leaf rolling and stomate distribution. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard: 833–842.
Rezaei M., Ebadi A., Reim S., Fatahi R., Balandary A., Farrokhi N., Hanke M. V. 2011. Molecular analysis of Iranian seedless barberries via SSR. Sci. Hortic. 129: 702–709.
Ronquist F., Teslenko M., van der Mark P., Ayres D. L., Darling A., Hohna S., Larget B., Liu L., Suchard M. A., Huelsenbeck J. P. 2012. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61: 539–542.
Sabir S., Tahir K., Rashid N., et al. 2013. Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of Berberis lycium. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 26: 1165–72.
Saeed-Ur R., Khan S. M., Ahmad M., Zafar M., Khan R., Khalid M., et al. 2020. Light microscopy of Pakistani Berberis leaf cuticles and its taxonomic implications. Microsc. Res. Tech. 83: 541–50.
Saeed-Ur R., Khan S. M., Zafar M., Ahmad M., Khan R., Hussain S., Khalid M., Kayani S. I. 2019. Pollen morphological variation of Berberis L. from Pakistan and its systematic importance. Microsc. Res. Tech. 82(9): 1593–1600.
Sang T., Crawford D. J., Stuessy T. 1995. Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (Paeonia) using internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: Implication for biogeography and concerted evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 6813–6817.
Sodagar N., Bahrami A. R., Memariani F., Ejtehadi H. 2011. Biosystematic study of the genus Berberis L. (Berberidaceae) in Khorassan, NE Iran. Plant Syst. Evol. 298(1): 193–203.
Soltis D. E., Soltis P. S. 2000. Contributions of plant molecular systematics to studies of molecular evolution. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 45–75.
Swofford D. L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Version 4.0b10. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
White T. J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, T. J. White (eds.). PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 315–322.
Zarinkamar F. 2007. Stomatal observations in dicotyledons. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10(2): 199–219.
Published
2025-10-11
How to Cite
Ardahaei A. D., Daneshvar A., Sattarian A., Amini E. Biosystematic and molecular genetic study of Berberis (Berberidaceae) from North of Iran // Turczaninowia, 2025. Vol. 28, № 3. P. 14-29 DOI: 10.14258/turczaninowia.28.3.2. URL: https://turczaninowia.asu.ru/article/view/17995.
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