Structure of capsules with winged appendages in the species of Euonymus subgenus Kalonymus (Celastraceae)
Abstract
The article presents a detailed study of the structure of fruits and seeds of 10 species of the Euonymus subgenus Kalonymus, with winged appendages on its fruit-capsules (excepted E. oxyphyllus and E. nipponicus). Common characters for all studied species are followed: round or barrel-shaped fruit (without wings), the presence of winged appendages on the surface of mature capsules, V-shaped arrangement of endocarp layers in the area of pericarp opening, loculicidal-septicidal opening of the fruit, strong development of parenchymal layers in the mesocarp (its cells are very often with phlobaphenes and/or druses crystals of calcium oxalate), large seeds, usually completely covered by aril, large cells of exotesta. It is important to emphasize that the areas of cracking of the capsule are nested in the wings, from the top of the fruit. For all representatives of the subgenus Kalonymus, in contrast to the species of the subgenus Euonymus, a different type of opening of the capsule is characterized – loculicidal-septicidal, the central zone remains in the form of a “column”, while in the Euonymus subgenus it is loculicidal-sutural and the central zone is not preserved. At the same time, the capsules of E. oxyphyllus, devoid of winged appendages, are opened similarly to all members of the subgenus Kalonymus. The species differs by the shape of the capsule and its winged appendages, the number of cell layers in the pericarp and seed coast, the shape of the cells of the individual layers and the characters of their thickening. These characters may be use for species identification in closely related groups. Arguments in favor of the pseudo-anemochore dissemination of winged capsules in the species of subgenus Kalonymus and the insignificant participation of the wind in the dispersal of diasporas are given. It is shown that the formation of wing-like appendages of fruit of the subgenus Kalonymus occurs independently from the formation of prickly appendages of fruit in the section Echinococcus.
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