Diversity centers as well as conservation priorities of the genus Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) in Iran
Keywords:
areas of endemism, Boraginaceae, conservation, important plant areas, species richness
Abstract
Conservation of biological diversity is one of the most important issues in conservation biology, so a wide range of quantitative spatial methods have been used to determine the biodiversity hotspots and the conservation priority areas. The main aims of the present study are determining the areas of endemism as well as the centers of diversity of the genus Onosma based on the GIE, IPAs, species richness, and AZE-like criteria approaches, to assess the status and priorities of conservation of the mentioned genus in Iran. Based on the findings of this research, centers of species richness, the main areas of endemism, top-ranked IPAs, and AZE-like criteria are situated in the Zagros ecosystems. The comparison of the four approaches used in this study shows that the IPAs and GIE techniques have succeeded in identifying the most important centers of diversity and endemism of Onosma in Iran. Considering that this genus with a high percentage of endemic species is one of the most important genera of Iranian flora and only 46 % of the IPAs and areas of endemism specified in the research are located in protected areas, identification and protection of the rest of these areas is one of the prevalent measures needed for conservation of Onosma species diversity in Iran.
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References
Al-Abbasi T. M., Al-Farhan A., Al-Kuhlaidi A.W., Hall M., Llewellyn O. A., Miller A. G., Patzelt A. 2010. Important Plant Areas in the Arabian Peninsula. Edinb. J. Bot. 67(1): 25–35. DOI: 10.1017/S0960428609990217
Almasi M., Ranjbar, M. 2015. Onosma maculata sp. nov. (Boraginaceae) from Iran. Nord. J. Bot. 33: 522–525. DOI: 10.1111/njb.00614
Anderson S. 2002. Identifying Important Plant Areas: a site selection manual for Europe. In: Plantlife. URL: https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/our-work/publications/identifying-important-plant-areas-site-selection-manual-europe.
Attar F., Sotoodeh A., Mirtadzadini M. 2020. Four new species in subsection Asterotricha for the genus Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) from flora of Iran. Feddes Repert. 131: 146–158. DOI: 10.1002/fedr.202000005
Barthlott W., Hostert A., Kier G., Küper W., Kreft H., Mutke J., Rafiqpoor M. D., Sommer J. H. 2007. Geographic patterns of vascular plant diversity at continental to global scales. Erdkunde 61: 305–315. DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2007.04.01
Buchman A. S., Leurgans S. E., Boyle P. A., Schneide R. J. A., Arnold S. E., Bennett D. A. 2011. Combinations of motor measures more strongly predict adverse health outcomes in old age: The rush memory and aging project, a community-based cohort study. BMC Medicine 9: 42.
Cecchi L., Coppi A., Selvi F. 2016. Onosma juliae (Boraginaceae), a new species from southern Turkey, with remarks on the systematics of Onosma in the Irano-Turanian region. Phytotaxa 288: 201–213. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.3.1.
Dagher-Kharrat M. B., El Zein H., Rouhan G. 2018. Setting conservation priorities for Lebanese flora – identification of important plant areas. J. Nat. Conserv. 43: 85–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2017.11.004
Djamali M., Akhani H., Khoshravesh R., Andrieu-Ponel V., Ponel P., Brewer S. 2011. Application of the Global Bioclimatic Classification to Iran: implications for understanding the modern vegetation and biogeography. Ecol. Mediterr. 37: 91–114.
Gaston K. J. 1996. Species richness: measure and measurement. In: K. J. Gaston (ed.). Biodiversity: biology of numbers and difference. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Pp. 77–113.
Hedge I.C., Wendelbo P. 1978. Patterns of distribution and endemism in Iran. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 36: 441–464.
Jian-Chang N., Yi-Zhen X., Yu-Long Z. 1995. A comparative palynological study on the Maharanga and Onosma (Boraginaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 33(1): 52–57.
Khatamsaz M. 2002. Boraginaceae. In: M. Assadi, A. A. Maassoumi, M. Khatamsaz (eds.). Flora of Iran. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Pp. 114–167.
Khajoei Nasab F., Khosavi A. R. 2020. Identification of the areas of endemism (AOEs) of the genus Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae) in Iran. Plant Biosyst. 154: 726–736. DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2019.1686078
Khajoei Nasab F., Mehrabian A. R., Nemati A. 2020a. Taxonomic revision of the Onosma gaubae sensu lato (Boraginaceae) based on morphological and ecological analysis. Plant Biosyst. 155: 1019–1031. DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2020.1813827
Khajoei Nasab F., Mehrabian A.R., Mostafavi H. 2020b. Mapping the current and future distributions of Onosma species endemic to Iran. J. Arid Land 12: 1031–1045. DOI: 10.1007/s40333-020-0080-z
Kier G., Kreft H., Lee T. M., Jetz W., Ibisch P. L., Nowicki C., Mutke J., Barthlott W. 2009. A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 106: 9322-7. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810306106
Langhammer P. F., Bakarr M. I., Bennun L., Brooks T. M., et al. 2007. Identification and gap analysis of key biodiversity areas: targets for comprehensive protected area systems. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Ser. 15. xiv. 116 pp. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2006.PAG.15.en
Lawton J. H., Prendergast J. R., Eversham B. C. 1994. The numbers and spatial distribution of species: analyses of British data. In: P. L. Forey, C. J. Humphries, R. I. Vane-Wright (eds.). Systematics and Conservation Evaluation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. 177–195.
Lovett J. R., Rudd S., Taplin J., Frimodt-Moller C. 2000. Patterns of plant diversity in Africa south of the Sahara and their implications for conservation management. Biodivers. Conserv. 9: 37–46. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008956529695
Marignani M., Bacchetta G., Bagella S., Caria M.C., Delogu F., Farris E., Fenu G., Filigheddu R., Blasi C. 2014. Is time on our side? Strengthening the link between field efforts and conservation needs. Biodivers. Conserv. 23: 421–431. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-013-0610-5
McAllister D. E., Schueler F. W., Roberts C. M., Hawkins J. P. 1994. Mapping and GIS analysis of the global distribution of coral reef fishes on an equal-area grid. In: R. I. Miller (ed.). Mapping the diversity of nature. London: Chapman & Hall. Pp. 155–75.
McNeely J. A., Miller K. R., Reid W. V., Mittermeier R. A., Werner T. B. 1990. Conserving the World's Biological Diversity. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. World Resources Institute, Conservation International, WWF-US and the World Bank: Washington, D.C. DOI: 10.5860/choice.28-3288
Mehrabian A. R. 2015. Distribution patterns and diversity of Onosma in Iran: with emphasis on endemism conservation and distribution pattern in SW Asia. Rostaniha 16: 36–60. DOI: 10.22092/BOTANY.2015.101996
Mehrabian A, Amini Rad M. 2018. Onosma moussavi sp. nov. (Boraginaceae) from Zagros Mountain (s), Iran. Feddes Repert. 29: 304–311. DOI: 10.1002/fedr.201700020
Mehrabian A., Mozaffarian V. 2018. Seven New Species of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) with emphasis on their habitats in Iran. Taiwania 4: 366–388. DOI: 10.6165/tai.2018.63.366.
Mehrabian A. R., Naghizadeh S., Khajoei Nasab F., Moradi Zeinab H., Mozaffarian V. 2022a. Two new species and a new record for Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) from northwestern Iran. Feddes Repert. DOI: 10.1002/fedr.202000036
Mehrabian A. R., Mozaffarian V., Naghizadeh S. 2022b. Four new species of Onosma (Boraginaceae) from Iran, an important center of diversity of the genus in the world. Collectanea Botanica 41: e003. DOI: 10.3989/collectbot.2022.v41.003
Meusel H., Jäger E., Rauschert S., Weinert E. 1978. Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora-Karten-Band II. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag. 421 pp.
Moradi Zeinab H., Mehrabian A. R., Naghizadeh S., Mostafavi H., Khajoi Nasab F. 2019. Distribution patterns, diversity and conservation priorities of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae Juss.) in some sections of the northwestern geomorphologic unit of Iran. Environmental Sciences 17: 73–94.
Morrone J. J. 1994. On the identification of areas of endemism. Syst. Biol. 43: 438–441. DOI: 101093/sysbio/433438
Mutke J., Barthlott W. 2005. Patterns of vascular plant diversity at continental to global scales. Biologiske Skrifter 55: 521–537.
Myers N. 1990. The biodiversity challenge: expanded hotspots analysis. The Environmentalist 10: 243–256. DOI: 10.1007/BF02239720
Noroozi J., Akhani H., Breckle S-W. 2008. Biodiversity and phytogeography of the Alpine flora of Iran. Biodivers. Conserv. 17: 493–521. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-007-9246-7
Noroozi J. Pauli H., Grabherr G., Breckle S-W. 2011. The subnival-nival vascular plant species of Iran: a unique high-mountain flora and its threat from climate warming. Biodivers. Conserv. 20: 1319–1338. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-011-0029-9
Noroozi J., Talebi A., Doostmohammadi M., Rumpf S. B., Linder H. P., Schneeweiss G. M. 2018. Hotspots within a global biodiversity hotspot – areas of endemism are associated with high mountain ranges. Sci. Rep. 8: 10345. DOI: 101038/s41598-018-28504-9
Oliveira U., Brescovit A. D., Santos A. J. 2015. Delimiting Areas of Endemism through Kernel Interpolation. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0116673. DOI: 101371/ journalpone0116673
Popov M. G. 1950. O primenenii botaniko-geograficheskogo metoda v systematike rasteniy. Problemy botaniki I: 70–108. [In Russian] (Попов М. Г. О применении ботанико-географического метода в систематике растений // Проблемы ботаники, 1950. Т. 1. С. 70–108).
Popov M. G. 1974. Onosma L. In: B. K. Shiskin (ed.). Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. 19. Tubiflorae. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House. Pp. 136–171.
Riedl H. 1967. Boraginaceae. In: K. H. Rechinger (ed.). Flora Iranica 48. Graz: Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt. Pp. 169–212.
Roozitalab M. H., Siadat H., Farshad A. 2018. The Soils of Iran. Switzerland: Springer. 255 pp.
Sapir Y., Shmida A., Fragman O. 2003. Constructing red numbers for setting conservation priorities of endangered plant species: Israeli flora as a test case. J. Nat. Conserv. 11: 91–107. DOI: 101078/ 1617-1381-00041
Selvi F. 1997. Rare plants on mount Aiata, Italy: vulnerability to extinction on an ecological ‘‘Island’’. Biol. Cons. 81: 257–266. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00155-3
Sérgio C., Garcia C.A., Hespanhol H., Vieira C., Stow S., Long D. 2012. Bryophyte diversity in the Peneda- Gerês National Park (Portugal): selecting Important Plant Areas (IPA) based on a new survey and past records. Botánica Complutensis 36: 39–50.
Szumik C., Goloboff P. A. 2004. Areas of endemism: an improved optimality criterion. Syst. Biol. 53: 968–977. DOI: 101080/10635150490888859
Thiers B. 2019. Index herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih (Accessed 15 January 2022).
Wilcove D. S. 1989. Protecting biodiversity in multiple‐use lands: lessons from the US Forest Service. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4: 385–388. DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(89)90108-0
Zemskova E. A., Popova T. N. 1991. The palynomorphological investigation of the genus Onosma (Boraginaceae). Bot. Zhurn. 76(9): 1279–1291. [In Russian] (Земскова Е. А., Попова Т. Н. Палиноморфологическое исследование рода Onosma (Boraginaceae) // Бот. журн., 1991. Т. 76, № 9. С. 1279–1291).
Almasi M., Ranjbar, M. 2015. Onosma maculata sp. nov. (Boraginaceae) from Iran. Nord. J. Bot. 33: 522–525. DOI: 10.1111/njb.00614
Anderson S. 2002. Identifying Important Plant Areas: a site selection manual for Europe. In: Plantlife. URL: https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/our-work/publications/identifying-important-plant-areas-site-selection-manual-europe.
Attar F., Sotoodeh A., Mirtadzadini M. 2020. Four new species in subsection Asterotricha for the genus Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) from flora of Iran. Feddes Repert. 131: 146–158. DOI: 10.1002/fedr.202000005
Barthlott W., Hostert A., Kier G., Küper W., Kreft H., Mutke J., Rafiqpoor M. D., Sommer J. H. 2007. Geographic patterns of vascular plant diversity at continental to global scales. Erdkunde 61: 305–315. DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2007.04.01
Buchman A. S., Leurgans S. E., Boyle P. A., Schneide R. J. A., Arnold S. E., Bennett D. A. 2011. Combinations of motor measures more strongly predict adverse health outcomes in old age: The rush memory and aging project, a community-based cohort study. BMC Medicine 9: 42.
Cecchi L., Coppi A., Selvi F. 2016. Onosma juliae (Boraginaceae), a new species from southern Turkey, with remarks on the systematics of Onosma in the Irano-Turanian region. Phytotaxa 288: 201–213. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.3.1.
Dagher-Kharrat M. B., El Zein H., Rouhan G. 2018. Setting conservation priorities for Lebanese flora – identification of important plant areas. J. Nat. Conserv. 43: 85–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2017.11.004
Djamali M., Akhani H., Khoshravesh R., Andrieu-Ponel V., Ponel P., Brewer S. 2011. Application of the Global Bioclimatic Classification to Iran: implications for understanding the modern vegetation and biogeography. Ecol. Mediterr. 37: 91–114.
Gaston K. J. 1996. Species richness: measure and measurement. In: K. J. Gaston (ed.). Biodiversity: biology of numbers and difference. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Pp. 77–113.
Hedge I.C., Wendelbo P. 1978. Patterns of distribution and endemism in Iran. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 36: 441–464.
Jian-Chang N., Yi-Zhen X., Yu-Long Z. 1995. A comparative palynological study on the Maharanga and Onosma (Boraginaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 33(1): 52–57.
Khatamsaz M. 2002. Boraginaceae. In: M. Assadi, A. A. Maassoumi, M. Khatamsaz (eds.). Flora of Iran. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Pp. 114–167.
Khajoei Nasab F., Khosavi A. R. 2020. Identification of the areas of endemism (AOEs) of the genus Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae) in Iran. Plant Biosyst. 154: 726–736. DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2019.1686078
Khajoei Nasab F., Mehrabian A. R., Nemati A. 2020a. Taxonomic revision of the Onosma gaubae sensu lato (Boraginaceae) based on morphological and ecological analysis. Plant Biosyst. 155: 1019–1031. DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2020.1813827
Khajoei Nasab F., Mehrabian A.R., Mostafavi H. 2020b. Mapping the current and future distributions of Onosma species endemic to Iran. J. Arid Land 12: 1031–1045. DOI: 10.1007/s40333-020-0080-z
Kier G., Kreft H., Lee T. M., Jetz W., Ibisch P. L., Nowicki C., Mutke J., Barthlott W. 2009. A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 106: 9322-7. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810306106
Langhammer P. F., Bakarr M. I., Bennun L., Brooks T. M., et al. 2007. Identification and gap analysis of key biodiversity areas: targets for comprehensive protected area systems. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Ser. 15. xiv. 116 pp. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2006.PAG.15.en
Lawton J. H., Prendergast J. R., Eversham B. C. 1994. The numbers and spatial distribution of species: analyses of British data. In: P. L. Forey, C. J. Humphries, R. I. Vane-Wright (eds.). Systematics and Conservation Evaluation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. 177–195.
Lovett J. R., Rudd S., Taplin J., Frimodt-Moller C. 2000. Patterns of plant diversity in Africa south of the Sahara and their implications for conservation management. Biodivers. Conserv. 9: 37–46. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008956529695
Marignani M., Bacchetta G., Bagella S., Caria M.C., Delogu F., Farris E., Fenu G., Filigheddu R., Blasi C. 2014. Is time on our side? Strengthening the link between field efforts and conservation needs. Biodivers. Conserv. 23: 421–431. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-013-0610-5
McAllister D. E., Schueler F. W., Roberts C. M., Hawkins J. P. 1994. Mapping and GIS analysis of the global distribution of coral reef fishes on an equal-area grid. In: R. I. Miller (ed.). Mapping the diversity of nature. London: Chapman & Hall. Pp. 155–75.
McNeely J. A., Miller K. R., Reid W. V., Mittermeier R. A., Werner T. B. 1990. Conserving the World's Biological Diversity. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. World Resources Institute, Conservation International, WWF-US and the World Bank: Washington, D.C. DOI: 10.5860/choice.28-3288
Mehrabian A. R. 2015. Distribution patterns and diversity of Onosma in Iran: with emphasis on endemism conservation and distribution pattern in SW Asia. Rostaniha 16: 36–60. DOI: 10.22092/BOTANY.2015.101996
Mehrabian A, Amini Rad M. 2018. Onosma moussavi sp. nov. (Boraginaceae) from Zagros Mountain (s), Iran. Feddes Repert. 29: 304–311. DOI: 10.1002/fedr.201700020
Mehrabian A., Mozaffarian V. 2018. Seven New Species of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) with emphasis on their habitats in Iran. Taiwania 4: 366–388. DOI: 10.6165/tai.2018.63.366.
Mehrabian A. R., Naghizadeh S., Khajoei Nasab F., Moradi Zeinab H., Mozaffarian V. 2022a. Two new species and a new record for Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) from northwestern Iran. Feddes Repert. DOI: 10.1002/fedr.202000036
Mehrabian A. R., Mozaffarian V., Naghizadeh S. 2022b. Four new species of Onosma (Boraginaceae) from Iran, an important center of diversity of the genus in the world. Collectanea Botanica 41: e003. DOI: 10.3989/collectbot.2022.v41.003
Meusel H., Jäger E., Rauschert S., Weinert E. 1978. Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora-Karten-Band II. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag. 421 pp.
Moradi Zeinab H., Mehrabian A. R., Naghizadeh S., Mostafavi H., Khajoi Nasab F. 2019. Distribution patterns, diversity and conservation priorities of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae Juss.) in some sections of the northwestern geomorphologic unit of Iran. Environmental Sciences 17: 73–94.
Morrone J. J. 1994. On the identification of areas of endemism. Syst. Biol. 43: 438–441. DOI: 101093/sysbio/433438
Mutke J., Barthlott W. 2005. Patterns of vascular plant diversity at continental to global scales. Biologiske Skrifter 55: 521–537.
Myers N. 1990. The biodiversity challenge: expanded hotspots analysis. The Environmentalist 10: 243–256. DOI: 10.1007/BF02239720
Noroozi J., Akhani H., Breckle S-W. 2008. Biodiversity and phytogeography of the Alpine flora of Iran. Biodivers. Conserv. 17: 493–521. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-007-9246-7
Noroozi J. Pauli H., Grabherr G., Breckle S-W. 2011. The subnival-nival vascular plant species of Iran: a unique high-mountain flora and its threat from climate warming. Biodivers. Conserv. 20: 1319–1338. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-011-0029-9
Noroozi J., Talebi A., Doostmohammadi M., Rumpf S. B., Linder H. P., Schneeweiss G. M. 2018. Hotspots within a global biodiversity hotspot – areas of endemism are associated with high mountain ranges. Sci. Rep. 8: 10345. DOI: 101038/s41598-018-28504-9
Oliveira U., Brescovit A. D., Santos A. J. 2015. Delimiting Areas of Endemism through Kernel Interpolation. PLoS ONE 10(1): e0116673. DOI: 101371/ journalpone0116673
Popov M. G. 1950. O primenenii botaniko-geograficheskogo metoda v systematike rasteniy. Problemy botaniki I: 70–108. [In Russian] (Попов М. Г. О применении ботанико-географического метода в систематике растений // Проблемы ботаники, 1950. Т. 1. С. 70–108).
Popov M. G. 1974. Onosma L. In: B. K. Shiskin (ed.). Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. 19. Tubiflorae. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House. Pp. 136–171.
Riedl H. 1967. Boraginaceae. In: K. H. Rechinger (ed.). Flora Iranica 48. Graz: Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt. Pp. 169–212.
Roozitalab M. H., Siadat H., Farshad A. 2018. The Soils of Iran. Switzerland: Springer. 255 pp.
Sapir Y., Shmida A., Fragman O. 2003. Constructing red numbers for setting conservation priorities of endangered plant species: Israeli flora as a test case. J. Nat. Conserv. 11: 91–107. DOI: 101078/ 1617-1381-00041
Selvi F. 1997. Rare plants on mount Aiata, Italy: vulnerability to extinction on an ecological ‘‘Island’’. Biol. Cons. 81: 257–266. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00155-3
Sérgio C., Garcia C.A., Hespanhol H., Vieira C., Stow S., Long D. 2012. Bryophyte diversity in the Peneda- Gerês National Park (Portugal): selecting Important Plant Areas (IPA) based on a new survey and past records. Botánica Complutensis 36: 39–50.
Szumik C., Goloboff P. A. 2004. Areas of endemism: an improved optimality criterion. Syst. Biol. 53: 968–977. DOI: 101080/10635150490888859
Thiers B. 2019. Index herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih (Accessed 15 January 2022).
Wilcove D. S. 1989. Protecting biodiversity in multiple‐use lands: lessons from the US Forest Service. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4: 385–388. DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(89)90108-0
Zemskova E. A., Popova T. N. 1991. The palynomorphological investigation of the genus Onosma (Boraginaceae). Bot. Zhurn. 76(9): 1279–1291. [In Russian] (Земскова Е. А., Попова Т. Н. Палиноморфологическое исследование рода Onosma (Boraginaceae) // Бот. журн., 1991. Т. 76, № 9. С. 1279–1291).
Published
2022-06-30
How to Cite
Khajoei N. F., Mehrabian A. R. Diversity centers as well as conservation priorities of the genus Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) in Iran // Turczaninowia, 2022. Vol. 25, № 2. P. 137-150 DOI: 10.14258/turczaninowia.25.2.13. URL: http://turczaninowia.asu.ru/article/view/11718.
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