Polyphyly of chloroplast carriers: where do plants are located on the “tree of life”?
Keywords:
Eucaryota, macrophylogenesis, primary and secondary chloroplasts, Procaryota, symbiogenesis
Abstract
Current data on the macrophylogeny of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes are considered and the position on the tree of life of Plantae is discussed. It has been shown that eukaryotes carrying a chloroplast surrounded by a double membrane, originating directly from cyanobacteria, are located on two branches of a phylogenetic tree that are distant from each other. One of these branches, called super-group Archaeplastida, is represented by land plants (Embyophyta), as well as green (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and glaucophytes. Amoebas of the genus Paulinella, located on the phylogenetic tree of eukaryotes among the species of Rhizaria, acquired the primary chloroplast as a result of an independent act of symbiogenesis that took place relatively recently – 90–140 million years ago. The simplest chloroplasts, surrounded by three membranes, appeared as a result of the symbiosis between the eukaryotic cell and the eukaryotic green or red algae, which already had a primary chloroplast. Secondary symbionts with chloroplast, derived from the green alga, appeared in evolution at least two times: in the lines of Euglenoidea and amoeba Chlorarachniophyta, the green algae that turned into their chloroplasts are also different. Eukaryotes possessing secondary chloroplasts derived from red algae are widely distributed in nature – half of Protozoa, representatives of all clades, except Amoebozoa and Opisthoconta, have them. It is assumed that the secondary symbiosis with the red algae could occur in the common ancestor of all these groups, after which there were numerous acts of loss and acquisition of secondary chloroplasts. Tertiary chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes are the result of a symbiosis between a eukaryotic cell and a cell with a secondary chloroplast.
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Левицкий Г. А., Кузьмина Н. Е. Кариологический метод в систематике и филогенетике рода Festuca (подрод Eu-Festuca) // Тр. по прикл. бот., ген. и селекции, 1927. Т. 17, № 3. С. 3–36.
Lhee D., Ha J.-S., Kim S., Park M. G., Bhattacharya D., Yoon H. S. 2019. Evolutionary dynamics of the chromatophore genome in three photosynthetic Paulinella species. Scientific Reports 9: 2560. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38621-8
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MacLeod F., Kindler G. S., Wong H. L., Chen, R., Burns, B. P. 2019. Asgard archaea: diversity, function, and evolutionary implications in a range of microbiomes. AIMS Microbiology 5(1): 48–61. DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2019.1.48.
Martin W., Müller M. 1998. The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. Nature 392: 37–41. DOI: 10.1038/32096
Mereschkowsky C. 1905. Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche. Biol. Centralbl. 25: 593–604.
Mereschkowsky C. 1910. Theorie der zwei Plasmaarten als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neuen Lehre von der Entstehung der Organismen. Biol. Centralbl. 30: 353–442.
Müller M. 1993. The hydrogenosome. J. General Microbiol. 139: 2879–2889.
Nass M. M., Nass S. 1963. Intramitochondrial fibers with DNA characteristics: I. Fixation and electron staining reactions. J. Cell Biol. 19(3): 593–611.
Nozaki H., Iseki M., Hasegawa M. et al. 2007. Phylogeny of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes as deduced from slowly evolving nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24(8):1592–1595.
Parfrey L. W., Lahr D. J. G., Knoll A. H., Katz L. A. 2011. Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108: 13624–13629.
Павлинов И. Я. Номенклатура в систематике. История, теория, практика. М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2011. 439 с.
Павлинов И. Я., Любарский Г. Ю. Биологическая систематика: история идей. М., Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2011. 678 с.
Ponce-Toledo R. I., Deschamps P., López-Garcia P., Zivanovic Y., Benzerara K., Moreira D. 2017. An early-branching freshwater Cyanobacterium at the origin of plastids. Current Biology 2: 386–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.056.
Ris H., Plaut W. 1962. Ultrastructure of DNA-containing areas in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol. 13(3): 383–391.
Rodrıguez-Ezpeleta N., Brinkmann H., Burey S. C., Roure B., Burger G., Löffelhardt W., Bohnert H. J., Philippe H., Lang B. F. 2005. Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes. Curr. Biol. 15: 1325–1330.
Roger A. J., Munoz-Gomez S. A., Kamikawa R. 2017. The origin and diversification of mitochondria. Current Biology 27(21): R1177–R1192.
Ruggiero M. A., Gordon D. P., Orrell T. M., Bailly N., Bourgoin T., Brusca R. C., Cavalier-Smith T., Guiry M. D., Kirk P. M. 2015a. A higher level classification of all living organisms. PloS one 10(4): e0119248.
Ruggiero M. A., Gordon D. P., Orrell T. M., Bailly N., Bourgoin T., Brusca R. C., Cavalier-Smith T., Guiry M. D., Kirk P. M. 2015b. Correction: A higher level classification of all living organisms. Plos one 10(6): e0130114.
Sanchez-Baracaldo P., Raven J., Pisani D., Knoll A. H. 2017. Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114(37): E7737–E7745. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620089114
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Published
2019-06-17
How to Cite
Rautian M. S., Shneyer V. S., Rodionov A. V. Polyphyly of chloroplast carriers: where do plants are located on the “tree of life”? // Turczaninowia, 2019. Vol. 22, № 2. P. 121-132 DOI: 10.14258/turczaninowia.22.2.7. URL: http://turczaninowia.asu.ru/article/view/5788.
Section
Science articles
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