Morphologic-anatomical structure of the cypselae of the East Asian Synurus deltoides (Asteraceae: Cardueae)
Abstract
We have examined the morphology, anatomy, and ultrasculpture of surface of the cypselae of S. deltoides with the aim of obtaining more definite data of the taxonomic position of the genus Synurus. Cypselae were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Synurus deltoides has cypsela structure atypical for the tribe Cardueae: well developed pericarp, presence of latex vessels, and lack of the palisade row of macrosclereid cells in the testa are not found elsewhere in the tribe. The exotesta cells in S. deltoides are oval with slightly thickened walls, tangentially elongated in longitudinal section and not forming a palisade row typical to the cypselae of the closely related taxa from “Onopordum” group of the subtribe Carduinae. The genus Synurus holds the isolated position in the subtribe Carduinae according to carpological data. This conclusion is in agreement with the data of N. Garcia-Jacas et al. (2008). However, the assumption of Garcia-Jacas et al. (2002) that Synurus should be considered as a synonym of Alfredia did not get confirmation by our carpological analysis. In our opinion, Synurus is to be treated as a separate monotypic genus within Carduinae.
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