Chromosome numbers of invasive and potentially invasive species in the flora of the Republic of Altai. Post V

Chromosome numbers (2n) of 15 invasive and potentially invasive plant species from the families Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, and Rosaceae are reported on the samples collected in the Republic of Altai. To determine the chromosome number (ploidy level), the method of direct counting was used. Among studied species, chromosome complements for Persicaria orientalis (2n = 22), Potentilla norvegica (2n = 42), Veronica persica (2n = 28) were first examined from Russia; for Papaver rhoeas (2n = 14) and Rumex obtusifolius (2n = 20) – from Asian part of Russia; for Bromus squarrosus (2n = 14), Cosmos bipinnatus (2n = 24), and Eriochloa villosa (2n = 54) – from Siberia. Abutilon theophrasti (2n = 42) and Lepidium densiflorum (2n = 32) were first studied from Western Siberia; Epilobium ciliatum subsp. adenocaulon (2n = 36), Portulaca oleracea (2n = 36), Spergularia rubra (2n = 36), and Xanthium strumarium (2n = 36) – from the Republic of Altai. Common distribution and the history of floristic findings of these species in the Republic of Altai are given. Previously published data on chromosome numbers from Russia are cited.

We continue the karyological study of invasive and potentially invasive species in the flora of Southern Siberia on the material from the Republic of Altai (Lomonosova et al., 2018;Zykova et al., 2018Zykova et al., , 2020Zykova et al., , 2021. This research provides data on the chromosome numbers of 15 species, most of which are invasive on the territory of the Republic of Altai. Epilobium ciliatum subsp. adenocaulon and Lepidium densiflorum are also included in the Black Book of the Flora of Siberia (Chernaya kniga …, 2016). The information on the history of floristic studies of examined species in the territory of the Republic of Altai is provided here. For each species, published data on the chromosome numbers determined from the territory of Russia are given. Latin names of plants are given according to the "Catalog of Life" (Hassler, 2021).
The chromosome numbers were determined by direct counting in metaphase on root meristem squash preparations, via the method described earlier (Zykova el al., 2018). Metaphase plates were observed under 100× magnification by the Axioscope 40 (Karl Zeiss, Axio Lab) and photographed by the AxiCam MRc 5 digital camera (AxioVision 4.8 software).
The herbarium specimens (vouchers) are deposited in the Herbarium of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS (NS).
Annual. North American species (Protopopova, 1994). It is cultivated in many regions, including Siberia, as an ornamental plant. Plants may reappear via self-sowing, becoming a weed. In the Republic of Altai, it is common as a weed in the northern regions, where it was shown for the first time outside of culture from the Altai Reserve and the Mayma district (Zolotukhin, 2012).
The chromosome number was determined on the Siberian material for the first time. The same number was known from Primorye Territory (Probatova, 2014, and references therein).
Annual. Distributes all over the world as an invasive species (Protopopova, 1994). Since the beginning of the 20th century, it spread in the regions of Siberia. In the Republic of Altai it was first discovered in the middle of the 20th century in the village of Cherny Anuy in Ust-Kan district (Krylov, 1949). At present, it is common on the banks of water bodies and in disturbed habitats in the northern regions of the Republic of Altai (Zykova, 2015).
The chromosome number is reported for the first time for the Republic of Altai. The same number was determined from Novosibirsk Region (Lomonosova, 2013), Altai (Chisla khromosom …, 1990) and Primorye (Probatova, 2014, and references therein) Territories.
Annual. A North American species widely dispersed in the Northern Hemisphere, penetrating into the Southern Hemisphere (Kotov, 1979). Since the middle of the 20th century, the first localities in Siberia (including Altai) have been recorded. As invasive species, it is included in the Black Book of the Flora of Siberia (Ebel, 2016). It is one of the most widespread alien species in the Republic of Altai, common in the northern regions, occasionally found in the central ones (Zykova, 2015).
The chromosome number is given for the first time from the Western Siberia. The same number was determined from Republic of Buryatia (Chepinoga, 2014, and references therein), Khabarovsk Territory (Probatova, Sokolovskaya, 1988), Magadan (Probatova et al., 2012) and Amur (Probatova et al., 1996) Regions. The diploid level of the species (2n = 16) registered in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Lomonosova, 2013) may belong to another related species.
Tetraploid (4x), x = 8. Annual or biennial. European species spread throughout the continent (Tzvelev, 2004). It was collected for the first time in the Republic of Altai (Turochak district) in 1996 (Studenikina, 1999), where it had been known to date only from pebbles, water bodies, roadsides (Zykova, 2015).
The chromosome number is given for the first time for the Republic of Altai. The same number was identified from Tyumen Region (Erst et al., 2018). Diploid level of species (2n = 18) was determined for the Republic of Buryatia (Probatova et al., 2016).
Annual. East Asian species cultivated as an ornamental plant, widely dispersed in the temperate zone of both hemispheres. In Siberia, single localities have been recorded since the end of the 20th century; in the Republic of Altai it was first discovered in 2018 (Ebel et al., 2018).
The chromosome number is given for the first time for Western Siberia. The same number was determined from Primorye Territory (Probatova, 2014, and references therein), Irkutsk (Chepinoga, 2014, and references therein) and Amur (Shatokhina, 2006) Regions. Tetraploid level (2n = 28) was determined for the Krasnodar Territory (Probatova et al., 2009).
Hexaploid (6x) Perennial. An American species that settled in Eurasia and Australia (Skvortsov, 2005). It was noted in Russia at the end of the 19th century (Skvortsov, 1995). Since the end of the 20th century, it actively spreads in the regions of Siberia including the Republic of Altai (Zykova, 2015). This species is usually found as an invasive species and is listed in the Black Book of Flora of Siberia (Buko, 2016).
The chromosome number is given for the first time for the Republic of Altai. The same number was determined from Krasnoyarsk Territory (Stepanov, Muratova, 1992), Irkutsk (Chepinoga, 2014, and references therein) and Sakhalin (Probatova et al., 2006a) Regions.
Annual. Its native range is from SW Asia and the E Mediterranean (Kadereit, 1997). One of the most widespread species of Papaver found from forest to desert areas (Nikitin, 1983). In Siberia, it was noted as a wild in the Tyumen Region (Krylov, 1931). In the Republic of Altai, it was first discovered in 2014 in the city of Gorno-Altaysk (Zykova, 2014), where it is now quite common.
The chromosome number is given for the first time for the asian part of Russia. The same number was determined from Leningrad Region (Safonova, 1991).
Diploid (2x), x = 7. Annual. Eurasian species, very rare in Siberia. It was first found in Tomsk (Muldiyarov, 1996) Annual. The species is native in Europe, North Africa, Asia and spreads over the extratropical regions (Tzvelev, Probatova, 2019). A very rare species in Siberia, recorded in the Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories (Peshkova, 1990). In the Republic of Altai, it was first discovered in 2015; at present, it is rarely found in the city of Gorno-Altaysk and in the Mayma district (Zykova, 2020).
The chromosome number was determined for the first time on the Siberian material. The same chromosome number was known for the Volgograd Region, Republic of Crimea (Chisla khromosom …, 1993), Krasnodar (Probatova et al., 2009) and Primorye (Probatova, 2014, and references therein) Territories, Astrakhan Region (Probatova et al., 2010).
Annual. It occurs in tropical and subtropical countries of both hemispheres (Tzvelev, Probatova, 2019). In Siberia, it was first found in the vicinity of the Omsk сity (Krylov, Sergievskaya, 1961). Recently two localities were found in Altai Territory (Lomonosova, 2003) and Tomsk Region (Ebel et al., 2009). In the Republic of Altai, it was found in 2017 (Zykova et al., 2019) as a small population in the vicinity of the village of Mayma (Mayma district), which has been preserved for 4 years.
Hexaploid ( Annual. Cultivated all over the world (Tzvelev, Probatova, 2019). In the Republic of Altai, it is rarely found in the northern regions along the roads, in ruderal habitats (Zykova, 2015).
Annual. Native to SE Asia and northern Australia, where it grows on riverside sands and pebbles, as well as in disturbed habitats (Tzvelev, 1996;Mayorov et al., 2012). In Siberia, it was recently noted as alien plant in Irkutsk city (Verkhozina et al., 2019). This species was found in the Republic of Altai in 2017 (Ebel, Zykova, 2020).
The chromosome number was determined in Russia for the first time.
The chromosome number is given for the first time for the Asian part of Russia. The same number was determined from Krasnodar Territory (Probatova et al., 2009). Tetraploid level (2n = 40) was noted for the Sakhalin Region (Probatova, et al., 2007, and references therein). Two chromosome numbers (2n = 24 and 2n = 36) were determined for the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Stepanov, Muratova, 1995).
Annual. The Mediterranean-Asian species is almost cosmopolitan as an adventive one. In recent years, it has been actively spreading in Southern Siberia (Ebel et al., 2015). In the Republic of Altai, it was first found in 2008 (Zykova, Erst, 2012). Now it settles in the northern regions (Zykova et al., 2019).
Annual or biennial. This species has the Holarctic area (Kamelin, 2001). In Siberia, it was widespread to the beginning of the 20th century (Krylov, 1903). In the Republic of Altai it was known for a long time only from Turochak district (Krylov, 1933). Now it is common in Choya and Turochak districts; rarely recorded in Mayma, Onguday and Ust-Koksa ones (Zykova, 2015).